V. Amos
A. The
author and his background.
1. His
name
The contents of the book are
ascribed to Amos (somu*) a herdsman of Tekoa (1:1).
This is confirmed at various
places in the book (7:8, 10, 11, 12; 8:2).
The name Amos is used of no
other person in the OT (Isaiah's father is Amoz (Isa 1:1, Joma* ). The difference is clearer in Hebrew than it is in English.
2. His
place of residence.
He came from Tekoah - a place
in Judah about 10 miles south of Jerusalem (cp. Macmillan Bible Atlas, 133) in
the wilderness of Judea.
He was a herdsman (1:1;
7:14). The word used (dq@n)) is not that of someone who
took care of someone else's cattle, but of someone who owned sheep
himself. It is used for example of
Mesha, the king of Moab, in 2 Kgs 3:4.
This does not mean that Amos was necessarily a rich cattle owner. In 7:15 he speaks of following the
flock, which indicates he was a sheep herder. The impression from the book generally is that he was of a
plain, simple background. Yet his
book is rich in profound thoughts, beautiful poetic expressions and shows
enormous literary ability and gift.
3. The
place of his prophetic activity.
Amos, in contrast to Hosea,
was from the southern kingdom. His
prophetic activity, however, was, like that of Hosea, primarily to the Northern
kingdom. This appears not only
from the introductory sentence (1:1), but also from 7:10-17, where Amos has
appeared in Bethel, as well as from the content of a large part of the book. This of course does not prevent him
from also occasionally having something to say about Judah (2:4ff; 6:1ff).
Amos is thus reminiscent of
the "man of God out of Judah:" of 1 Kings 13 in that the LORD sent
him from Judah to the northern kingdom to prophecy.
Whether or not his ministry
was confined to Bethel (chapter 7) is not said, he could have also prophesied
in Samaria, cf. 4:1,4 where it sounds like he is speaking to those preparing to
go to either Bethel or Gilgal.
4. The
time of his prophetic activity
1:1 says he prophesied in the
time of Uzziah (767-740 BC) in Judah and in the days of Jeroboam the son of
Joash king of Israel (782-753 BC), two years before the earthquake.
He was thus a contemporary of
Hosea, though Hosea prophesied during later kings (cp., Hosea 1:1 which adds
Jotham, Ahaz, Hezekiah) and is thus usually considered to be a younger
contemporary and successor to Amos.
Two years before the
earthquake: This agrees with Zech
14:5 which also speaks of an earthquake in the days of Uzziah. This is not of great help in further
specifying the date. Cf. Freeman,
p. 187 who suggests 760-753 BC for the time of his ministry, based on the
silence of Amos concerning the death of Jeroboam in 753 BC.
5. The
political and social conditions of his time.
The government of Jeroboam II
of Israel and of Uzziah of Judah was characterized by important developments in
power and prestige on the international scene and by prosperity at home.
In the time between
Adad-Nirari II c. 800 to the time of the accession of Tiglath-Pileser II in
734/5 Israel was relieved of pressure from both Assyria and Syria. (Urartu pressed Assyria). Amos 6:13 probably refers to Israelite
victories over Syria and vs. 14 corresponds with 2 Kgs 14:25. Nowhere does Amos speak explicitly of
Assyria, and during his days there was no indication of imminent trouble from
them. Yet he does speak with
certainty of the coming fall of the northern kingdom and the taking away
captive of its inhabitants (5:27; 6:7,14). In these texts he comes very close to making an
identification of the oppressor as being Assyria.
Internally there was
prosperity. We see something of
this reflected in the references to the extravagant houses of the rich (3:15;
excavations at Samaria have uncovered hundreds of ivory inlays) and the feastings
and luxuries (6:4-6) which were indulged in. Yet this luxury and wealth is only one side of the
picture. Ellison says (p.63),
"How are we to judge the welfare and prosperity of a people? Are we to gaze in open-mouthed
astonishment at the mansions of the rich and to look with jealous eyes at the
wares displayed in the luxury shops, or are we to turn to the houses of the
poor and to try to understand how they live? While we may not ignore the rich and mighty, surely it is
the level of the poor that will best reveal to us where a country
stands." The other side of
the picture is one of great contrast, and it was precisely this which forms the
backdrop of the blistering message of Amos. Many of the people lived in the worst sort of poverty (cf.
2:6; 4:1; 5:10-12; 8:4-6). Ellison
says (p. 64): "Writers of text-books are fond of describing the prosperity
under Jeroboam II, but for the most part they seemingly fail to realize that is
was a very small proportion of the population that profited from it."
B. The
book of Amos and its content
1. General
outline
I. JUDGMENT
PRONOUNCED ON THE SURROUNDING NATIONS AS WELL AS ON JUDAH AND ISRAEL
(AMOS 1,2)
II. MORE
SPECIFIC PRONOUNCEMENTS OF JUDGMENT ON ISRAEL AND THE REASONS FOR IT
(AMOS 3-6)
III. FIVE VISIONS
CONCERNING THE COMING JUDGMENT
(AMOS 7:1-9:10)
IV. A PROMISE OF
FUTURE BLESSING
(AMOS 9:11-15)
2. Major
theme:
Amos preaches judgment on
Israel for social injustice combined with religious formalism and
apostasy. In doing so Amos
emphasizes the justice of God in bringing judgment. At the end of the book he
gives a ray of hope with the promise of a future restoration under the rule of
a Davidic king.
3. Some
comments on content.
Chapters 1,2
Judgment on the surrounding
nations as well as on Judah and Israel.
The first part of the book is
a condemnation of six surrounding nations plus Judah and Israel.
Amos follows a regular pattern
in introducing each judgment with the phrase: "For three transgressions of
, and for four,
I will not turn away its punishment . . ." The expression is best understood as indicating the fullness
of their iniquity. There is no
question of their guilt. Moffatt:
"for many crimes."
Amos also follows a pattern in
the order of the nations of whom he speaks. He speaks first of 3 foreign peoples called by the name of
their capitol city (Syria/Damascus; Philistia/Gaza; Phoenicia/Tyre). He then speaks of 3 "cousin"
nations (Edom/Gen 25:30; 36:8; Ammon/Gen 19:38; Moab/Gen 19:36,37). He then addresses the brother nation,
Judah, before focusing in on Israel herself. The progression was an effective way of getting a hearing,
particularly from those who could see the evils of those round about but not
the evils in Israel's own backyard.
The sins condemned are not
confined to abuses or mistreatment of Israel. They seem to be things generally recognized as evil in
themselves not merely in Israel, but by all the nations of the western Fertile
Crescent (Ellison p, 72).
Motyer (The Day of the Lion,
p.37) says that these "nations were without special revelation but not
without moral responsibility; they were without direct knowledge of God but not
without accountability to God; they were without the law written upon tables of
stone but not without the law written in the conscience."
The means of infliction of the
judgment is not given, but in most instances it was carried out by the
Assyrians or Babylonians. What is
clear is that judgment will come on these nations, and this judgment will be
the work of the LORD. This
provides a clear expression of the great truth that Jahweh rules over all the
nations of the earth, not just over Israel. He is the sovereign LORD of all history (cf. 9:7).
Damascus, 1:3-5
Damascus was the capital city
of Syria. The crime was barbarity
in war.
"they have threshed
Gilead with iron threshing sleds" (vs.3). Threshing instruments of that time were often a wooden
sled with stones or iron fragments fastened onto the under side. This was dragged over the stalks of
grain to cut them and release the grain.
Some feel that Syria had literally dragged such instruments over the
fallen men of Gilead in some previous attack of Syria on Israel. Whether or not this is to be taken
literally may be questioned (see 2 Kgs 13:1-7, esp. vs.7), but certainly it is
indicative of some type of gross cruelty inflicted on Israel by Syria.
For the century prior to the
time of Amos, Israel had suffered greatly at the hands of Syria. During the time of Jehu (841-814 BC)
much territory was taken by Hazael (2 Kgs 10:32ff). This continued during the time of Jehoahaz (2 Kgs
13:22). But in the time of Amos
the situation had changed (2 Kgs 13:25; 14:25).
The Syrian will "go
into captivity unto Kir".
The people will be deported to the same place from whence they had come
(cf. 9:7). According to 2 Kgs 16:9
this was fulfilled by the Assyrians under Tiglath-Pileser III in 732 BC (Rezin,
the last king of Damascus, fell to the Assyrians). The identification of Kir is not known. It must lie to the East.
Gaza: 1:6-8
The second pronouncement of
judgment is on the Philistines.
Their land was dominated by 5 cities. Gaza is here named as the chief city. Three more are mentioned in the
judgment, Askalon, Ashdod, and Ekron.
The other city Gath, had already been attacked by Uzziah (cf. 2 Chron
26:6).
Their crime was slave trading,
perhaps against Judah when the Philistines made incursions against Judah and
then sold the captives to Edom who in turn probably traded them to countries
further to the south on the trade routes (cf. 2 Chron 21:16,17; time of
Jehoram).
Ashkelon fell to
Tiglath-Pileser of Assyria in 734 BC.
Ashdod to Sargon in 711 BC, and Ashkelon and Ekron to Sennacherib in 701
BC. Gaza and Ashdod were also
conquered by Nebuchadnezzar in 605-562 BC and their king taken to Babylon (see,
McComisky, Expositor's Bible Commentary, p. 286 and ANET 307,8).
Tyre: 1:9,10
The Phoenicians also engaged
in slave trade and forgot "the brotherly covenant" (vs.
9). This may refer to some formal
agreement between Israel and Tyre in the days of David and Solomon (Hiram of
Tyre, cf. 1 Kgs 5:12; 9:13).
"Tyre became tributary to
Assyria, surrendered to Nebuchadrezzar after a thirteen-year siege (585-573
BC), and was eventually destroyed by Alexander the Great in 332 BC"
(Motyer, NBC, 730).
Edom: 1:11,12
"his brother"
(vs. 11) - most likely refers to Israel and Edom as descendants of Jacob and
Esau. Exactly what incident or
incidents is in question is difficult to determine. Perhaps the same as Obadiah 10,11. Motyer (Day of the
Lion, 42) speaks of Edom's hatred as unreasoned and uncaused.
Edom was eventually driven
from their land by Nabatean Arabs and after Roman times disappear as a people.
Ammon: 1:13-15
A war of Ammon against Gilead
is not elsewhere recorded in Scripture. The accusation is brutality in a war of
aggression and aggrandizement.
The precise fulfillment is not
clear, but likely in Nebuchadnezzar's campaign of 582-581 BC.
Moab: 2:1-3
Here the offense is not
against Israel, but against Edom.
The act of desecration of the body of the Edomite king is singled
out. Ellison comments (p. 72):
"Moab's sin is to the average modern man so venial and so common - let us
think of how many Jewish cemeteries were desecrated by the anti-semite - that
it seems absurdly out of place in the list. For antiquity, however, the desecration of tombs was
universally regarded with abhorrence.
Here the matter had been made worse because the motive was not greed,
which motivated the ordinary tomb robber, but sheer spite, the wish to revenge
oneself on one who had passed beyond the conflicts of this life."
In commenting on Moab's
history J.A. Thompson (NBD, 835) says: "During the latter part of
the 8th century BC Moab was subdued by Assyria and compelled to pay tribute (Is
xv, xvi), but after Assyria fell Moab was free again. Moabites entered Judah in the days of Jehoiakim (2 Ki.
xxiv.2). At the fall of Jerusalem
in 587 BC some Jews found refuge in Moab, but returned when Gedaliah became
governor (Je. xl. 11ff.). Moab was
finally subdued by Nebuchadrezzar (Jos., Ant x.9.7) and fell
successively under the control of the Persians and various Arab groups. The Moabites ceased to have independent
existence as a nation, though in post-exilic times they are known as a race
(Ezr. ix. 1; Ne. xiii, 1,23).
Alexander Jannaeus subdued them in the 2nd century BC (Jos., Ant
xiii.13.5).
Judah 2:4,5
Amos now makes a significant
transition. He pronounces judgment
on a segment of the chosen people, namely Judah. Remember he is speaking in the northern kingdom, although he
himself came from the south. To
have turned directly to Israel may have left him open to the charge of
partiality. The north was stronger
economically and politically than the south, but the south gloried in the
presence of the temple within her territory. Because Judah gloried in having what Israel did not it would
be judged for its lack of loyalty to that in which it gloried. Judah is condemned for despising the
law of the Lord and not keeping his statutes, and for going after false gods. The fulfillment is recorded in 2 Kings
24,25 (586 BC).
Israel: 2:6-16
Here Amos brings his message
to its climax. He has pronounced
judgment on the enemies of Israel one after another. No doubt he had Israel's ear in all this, and their
agreement as well. Now he directs
his message to Israel itself and says that Israel will be the chief sufferer in
the judgment to come. The Day of
the Lord which the people looked forward to as a day of judgment on all their
enemies will certainly come, but it will also be a day of darkness rather than
light even for Israel (see 5:18)
In bringing his message of
judgment on Israel Amos uses what some have termed the "covenant
lawsuit."
The features of this legal
form that can be seen here are:
1. The
accusation or indictment (vss. 6-8)
a. Social
evils (vss. 6,7a)
The focus here is on the
oppression of the poor.
b. Moral
and religious apostasy (vss. 7b,8)
Sacred prostitution which was
thought to magically insure fertility of crops and cattle was a common feature
of Canaanite religious practice (cf. Deut 23:17). Specific warning against this had been given to Israel. In such acts the commands against
adultery (Exod 20:14) as well as Deut 23:17 were violated. Here the LORD is being worshiped as any
other ordinary Baal. This practice
was the epitome of moral and religious apostasy. It was a gross violation of the covenant. What made it even worse was that it was
done with things obtained through oppression of the poor. Driver says it was "done in the
name of religion at the expense of the poor."
2. Recital
of the gracious acts of the LORD (vss. 9-11)
The divine suzerain had
consistently been faithful to the covenant.
3. Indictment
continued (vs. 12)
The prophets sent to call the
people to return to covenant faithfulness were rejected.
4. The
sentence (vss. 13-16)
The sentence is given in
general terms to be made more specific latter. The judgment, however will be inescapable.
Chapters 3-6
More specific
pronouncements of judgment on Israel and the reasons for it.
The section consists in 3
discourses each beginning with the phrase "Hear this word which the LORD
has spoken to you. . ."
(3:1, 4:1, 5:1)
Chapter 3:1-2
Verse 2.
This verse summarizes the
essence of the message of Amos.
The covenant idea is here central (even though the term tyrb is not used).
See: D. Hillers, Covenant.
The History of a Biblical Idea, Chapter 6 entitled "Therefore I will
punish you."
Hillers points out that for a
long time the traditional line of approach to the prophetic use of the covenant
idea was to locate all the passages where the prophets used the word tyrb and then assess the results
on this basis. Since there are
relatively few passages where the earlier prophets use the word, the conclusion
was predictable. Covenant occupied
a very minor place in prophetic thought.
Hillers suggests, however, that recent studies show that an indirect
approach to this subject yields a very different conclusion.
He notes that in recent years
much attention has been given to:
1. covenant
terminology in the pronouncements of the prophets
2. the
literary pattern of the covenant lawsuit
3. the
use of covenant curses
1. Covenant
terminology
"to know" (udy)
The term has a wide range of
meaning in Hebrew from "to understand" to "sexual intercourse." What does the term mean when it is used
of man's knowledge of God, or when God is said to "know" Israel, as
for example in Amos 3:2?
In what sense is it true that
Yahweh has known only Israel, and why the "therefore" in Amos
3:2? What is the logical
connection between God's knowledge of Israel and her doom?
It has become clear that we
have here a usage of "know" borrowed from the terminology of
international relations. See, H.
B. Huffmon, "The Treaty Background of Hebrew 'Yada' ", BASOR
181 (1966) 31-37.
Huffmon points out that Near
Eastern kings use "to know" in both Hittite and Akkadian texts in two
technical legal senses:
1. to
recognize as legitimate suzerain or vassal
2. to
recognize treaty stipulations as binding
See Huffmon. (CC 49)
Thus the words of Amos are no
longer mysterious. The vocabulary
Amos uses was familiar in the ancient world in connection with international
relations.
Yahweh had recognized only
Israel as his legitimate servants, "therefore", since this sort of
covenant involves obligations, and since they had not fulfilled them, "I
will punish you for all your iniquities."
Hosea uses "know" in
the same way (13:4-6).
Jeremiah speaks in a similar
way when describing a future repentance of the people (24:7).
That this kind of knowledge is
closely related to the people's conduct is evident from another passage in
Jeremiah (22:14-16).
Hillers notes that Samuel
Johnson said that "to make dictionaries is dull work." Perhaps this discussion proves his
point. But the lexical
consideration here is important for two reasons.
1. Simply
for the gain in understanding on what the OT means in certain places by the
expression "knowing God."
This kind of knowledge of God is unmystical and unintellectual. It is not acquired by protracted study
or contemplation, or by admission to the secrets of some esoteric lore. Instead it is shown in a life of
performance of God's will, a will that is easily understood and common
knowledge.
2. We
see a connection between prophetic language and thought and the terminology
associated with treaty relationships.
Even if the term tyrb is not frequently used in their writings, the complex of ideas and
terminology associated with covenant is present. In this case it forms the foundation for one of their
principal concerns, the knowledge of God.
See also J. A. Thompson, 35-37
(CC 51-53).
2. The
literary pattern of the covenant lawsuit
Here Yahweh is depicted as
taking his people to court.
The features of this literary
pattern are:
1. Introduction
2. Address
by plaintiff
3. Resume
of past benevolent acts of plaintiff
4. Indictment
of accused
See Huffmon and Thompson.
3. The
use of covenant curses
See Hillers (134); (CC 46,
47).
Hillers concludes:
"This is important for
our assessment of the prophets. . . . Much of modern scholarly study of the
prophets has been devoted to prophetic psychology and attempts to describe and
parallel the abnormal states of mind in which the prophets received their
communications from God. Critical
orthodoxy saw in the prophets the great creative figures in Israelite religion,
the ones who made of a simple, natural faith a genuine monotheism vitally
concerned with righteous living.
Others more recently have tried to find the prophets a base in Israel's
cult . . ."
From the perspective we have
been considering Hillers says (pp. 140,141) that the prophets appear "as
sober figures who framed oracles that drew on a conventional stock of ideas and
phrases with roots deep in Israel's history rather than in their own consciousness
or individual genius. For this reason also we must reassess the once common
idea of the prophets as innovators.
Without in any way denying their creativity, it would seem from their
use of Israel's most ancient religious heritage that they were in great part
creative as religious reformers are."
Chapter 3:3-8
Lest his hearers object Amos
gives a series of illustrations of the principle of cause and effect in order
to impress two things on the people of Israel.
1. The
calamity which is coming is from the LORD.
The LORD is behind all such
historical experiences. They are
not the result of bad fortune, economic determinism, or accidents of history.
2. The
message which he brings is also from the LORD.
Amos can not do anything else
but speak what is given to him to say.
He has spoken because a sufficient cause has impelled him to do so
(Driver).
Chapter 3:9-11
Let the heathen nations see
the social evils practiced in Samaria. It is as if they were worse there than in the godless
nations. Therefore judgment.
Chapter 3:12-15
A description of judgment,
pictured in vs. 12 as an ironic deliverance. See Motyer, 84. (CC 50, A)
Chapter 4:1-3
Social evil and personal
indulgence. (CC 50, B)
Chapter 4:4,5
Religious apostasy and
formalism. Amos mocks their
religious observances ("every morning . . . every three days").
Chapter 4:6-12
God had sent many warnings in
the form of covenant curses, but these had fallen on deaf ears. Compare with Deut. 28 and Lev 26 (famine, vs. 6 / Deut 28:17,18; drought,
vv. 7,8 / Deut 28:23,24; mildew,
vs. 9a / Deut 28:22; locusts, vs. 9b / Deut 28:38,42; epidemic
(plague), vs. 10a / Deut 28:21,22; war, vs. 10b / Deut 28:25,26,32,33).
Verse 12.
An
unusual and seemingly incomplete expression. Some suggest the last part of the first phrase has been lost
and find it in 3:14b. This,
however, is totally arbitrary.
Here the coming climax is deliberately left vague. The implication is that it will be
worse than the warnings of the previously experienced covenant curses and that
because of their obstinacy they may expect the climax of the covenant curses -
namely the exile. See Lev.
26:27ff. and Deut 28:47-68.